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…ast Studies Program at the George Washington University. He is also a non-resident associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is the author of four books on Arab politics, including Palestinian Pol…

This section highlights the contributions of key authors associated with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Marina Ottaway, a senior associate, leads the Democracy and Rule of Law Pr…

© 2008 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or tra…

This document outlines the copyright notice for publications from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. It clarifies that no part of the publication may be reproduced or transmit…

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit org…

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a nonprofit organization focused on fostering cooperation between nation…

…srael and Palestine 34 Balance of Power 35 The Issue of Democracy 37 Notes 39 About the Authors 40 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 41

…ion of policies to foster stability and peace in the region, as highlighted by the experts from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. For more information, visit dmc.tv.

…Bush singled it out (though in polite terms) as a country in need of reform, and Secretary of State CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

This text discusses the shift in U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East following the September 11 attacks. President Bush's declaration of aligning American values of freedom and security contrasted

CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE WASHINGTON DC MO$COW B$RLING BRU$$ELLE

… holding of parliamentary elections on schedule in the spring of 2009. ___________________________ CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

This text discusses the changing power dynamics in the Middle East, particularly the region's responses to Iranian influence and the evolving role of the U.S. Historically reliant on American support,

…ese tasks in order to strengthen a Palestinian leadership in which the Israelis have little faith. CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

The pursuit of peace in the Israel-Palestine conflict hinges on the two-state solution, which aims to protect Israel's existence and Palestinian rights. Achieving this requires strong Palestinian lead

…conciliation. By eschewing dialogue, Washington plays into the hands of these Iranian hard-liners. CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

This text discusses the necessity of the U.S. focusing on Iraq to facilitate a U.S.-Iranian dialogue, aiming to retain Iraq's territorial integrity and mitigate civil conflict. It emphasizes the chall

…eague even announced that the next Arab summit meeting will take place in Damascus, in March 2008. CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern diplomacy. Iran seeks to be a leader in the region, supporting not only Shiite factions bu

…ntry’s administrative and religious institutions. _________________________________________________ CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

This text analyzes the socio-political dynamics affecting Shi’a Muslims in the Middle East, highlighting their status in various countries, including Iran, Iraq, and Bahrain. While Hizbollah has estab

… other. The political program published by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in September 2007 shows CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

In Arab societies, secular opposition has struggled against longstanding authoritarian regimes that repress liberal ideologies, while conservative social attitudes limit their political expression. A

…ld after the Cold War ended, it trod lightly in the Middle East. Democracy promotion programs were CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

This text discusses the complexities and challenges in the New Middle East, particularly regarding nuclear ambitions of countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the decline of the U.S. freedom agend

…e Bush administration’s success in gathering representatives from these states in Annapolis should Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

The text discusses the complications surrounding the Palestinian legislative elections and the subsequent U.S. effort to undermine the democratic outcome, particularly emphasizing the Bush administrat

…gal standpoint can only be defined as a coup against Hamas after its election victory in 2006. --- CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

The viability of the two-state solution in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is increasingly in question due to the weakened Palestinian leadership and diminishing trust between Palestinians and Israel

…esented by the March 14 coalition and the embattled Siniora government, and the forces of tyranny, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

This text explores the multifaceted relationship between the United States and Iran, emphasizing the challenges faced by U.S. military policy amidst high oil prices and ongoing conflicts. It discusses

…e strong instruments to force the Iranian regime to change its policies. Iran has at times decided CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

This text discusses the significant changes in the balance of power in the Middle East following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the subsequent rise of Iranian influence in the region. The removal o

…lear. The new tribal militias the United States helped organize to fight against al-Qaeda are orga- CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE

Post-2007, the United States achieved a reduction in violence in Iraq, yet significant political progress remains elusive. Iraqi political factions hold varying visions for the nation's future, with t

The New Middle East Marina Ottaway Nathan J. Brown Amr Hamzawy Karim Sadjadpour Paul Salem CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE WASHINGTON DC • MOSCOW • BEIJING • BEIRUT • BRUSSELS

MARINA OTTAWAY, NATHAN J. BROWN, AMR HAMZAWY, KARIM SADJADPOUR, PAUL SALEM THE NEW MIDDLE EAST CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE WASHINGTON DC • MOSCOW • BEIRUT • BRUSSELS